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Kaiping Tramway and Imperial Railways of North China
Often described as China’s first railway, the first standard gauge railway to be built and survive in China was the Kaiping (開平) colliery tramway located at Tongshan in Hebei province.〔Hong Kong Railway Society Website - Members Corner - Feature Articles - " Kaiping Tramway History - China's Second First Railway" by Peter Crush http://www.hkrs.org.hk/index_e.htm (retrieved 12.01.2005, link updated 2009)〕 This was not, however, truly the first railway in China. An earlier attempt to introduce railways had been made in 1876 when the short Shanghai to Wusong narrow gauge line known as the "Woosung Road Company"〔("The Woosung 'Road' – China's First Railway" ) in: Hong Kong Railway Society Newsletter, September 9, 1998 (retrieved 01.01.2001)〕 was built but then pulled up within less than two years because of Chinese government opposition.〔Peter Crush: "Woosung Road – the story of China’s First Railway”, Hong Kong, 1999. ISBN 962-85532-1-6〕
==History==
Cantonese merchant Tong King-sing (唐景星 a.k.a. Tang Ting-shu 唐廷樞)was a Hong Kong Government interpreter who later became Jardine Matheson & Company’s head comprador at Shanghai. In 1878 Tong, who was then Director-General of the China Merchants' Steam Navigation Company, commenced coal mining operations in the Kaiping district with the backing of the powerful Viceroy of Zhili Li Hongzhang.〔Ellesworth Carlson: “The Kaiping Mines 1877-1912”, Harvard Univ. Press, 1957. ISBN 0-674-49700-7〕〔.Linda Pomerantz-Zhang: “Wu Tingfang (1842-1922) Reform and Modernization in Modern Chinese History", Hong Kong University Press, 1992. ISBN 962-209-287-X〕
The first shaft was sunk at Tongshan in 1879 by the new Chinese Engineering and Mining Company (CEMC)〔The Chinese name of this company was the English equivalent of “Kaiping Mining Bureau” () but Tong Kong Sing decided on the official English name of “Chinese Engineering and Mining Company”. (ref: Carlson: "The Kaiping mines")〕 under the direction of English mining engineer Robert Reginald Burnett, MICE.〔Burnett died on August 19, 1883 after contracting Typhoid fever after he was reassigned to a Yangtze River copper and iron mining project in 1882. Claude William Kinder was appointed to take his place as Chief Engineer at Tongshan (ref: ICE Minutes of Proceedings vol 75 1883, Obituary of Robert Reginald Burnett)〕 To transport coal from the mine to ships on the river at Beitang entailed carrying it a distance of nearly 30 miles and Tong King Sing attempted but was unable to gain permission to build a railway for this purpose.〔Claude William Kinder: “Railways and Collieries of North China” in: Minutes of Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers vol. ciii 1890/91 Paper No.2474〕
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